Storytelling: Three Act Structure, and How it Works! (Act Two)

Image by Joe from Pixabay

The beginning of a story is simple to understand.

You have a setting, characters, and an emerging plot which sends those characters on a journey toward their destination. The opening image gives us the world as it is, an inciting incident disrupts that world, and the characters begin to step out into a quest for change.

However, what happens after your characters embark? What obstacles do they encounter? How do the stakes of the plot rise, and how are their capabilities tested? How do we learn about this new world, and confront its challenges?

The Problem of the "Sagging Middle"

Many times, I’ve seen comments, forum posts, and a multitude of anecdotes of writers, storytellers, and creators getting stuck trying to flesh out the middle of their story. Its perhaps the most difficult part of the story to tell, and has the most pitfalls of any part. The risk of losing the plot, momentum, and focus is high. Its a grand puzzle sometimes to determine how to connect the dots from beginning to end.

Chances are, you already have a clear idea of the beginning and end of your story, with a few tracks of how the middle can go. That Second Act can become a storm of TV static and contradictions if not approached carefully.

How do you clearly define where the story goes? How do you contextualize the challenges that test your character, and how do those tests allow for that character to develop? How do you make the most meaningful impact?

Rest assured, every story will encounter this problem. Fortunately, this is precisely the kind of thing story structure is designed to solve! … Like before, there are a multitude of structures dependent on what medium you’re telling for, or genre your story lives in. Understanding the fix will vary depending on what structure you go with.

Being one of the universal picks for the majority of stories, Three Act Structure provides a great outline for what story beats to look out for, how to prepare for them, and how to get the most out of your Second Act!

Act Two: Continuing our Examples

Syd Fields Three-Act

  • First Pinch
  • Midpoint
  • Second Pinch
  • Plot Point 2

The Heroes Journey

  • Tests, Allies, and Enemies
  • Approach the Innermost Cave
  • The Ordeal
  • The Reward

Save The Cat Beat Sheet

  • B-Story
  • Fun and Games
  • Midpoint
  • Bad Guys Close In
  • All Is Lost
  • Dark Night of the Soul
  • Break Into Three

Like before, we’ll be taking a look at three prominent examples of films that follow three-act-structure, and continue their narrative from Act Two in order to get an idea of how they are executed:

  • Star Wars: Episode IV (1977)
  • Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001, Movie-version)
  • The Hunger Games (2012)
  • Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)

Act Two: Confrontation

The journey has been charted!  The path is set!  It is now up the character to pave the way forward and meet the challenge head on. However, it will not be easy; it will take all of the characters strength, wit, charisma, and luck to accomplish the task. Every step of the way, the character is bound to encounter complications, obstacles, and conflict. 

Act Two is the bulk of the story. This can challenge writers ability to keep pacing, as it is important to keep the reader immersed in the plot. However, this is also the most flexible part of your story. Every tool is at your disposal to make the plot and subplots as complex as you want.

Just remember the key theme; conflict. It should be a consistent part of your second act. To put it in other words:

“All drama is conflict. Without conflict, you have no action; without action, you have no character; without character, you have no story; without story, you have no screenplay.”

Syd Field, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting

Syd Field states that act two should take up about 50% of the story, or about 60 pages. 

A NOTE from myself: The middle of a story can be intimidating to writers due to how many possibilities there are. You may find yourself stumbling through Act Two repeatedly. My advice; don’t get discouraged!

Quick tips to make the most out of your Act Two writing experience:

  • Remember that the recipe for drama is conflict. As long as you are accomplishing that, and connecting the dots between plot points, you’re in the green.
  • Make sure to nail down the characters dramatic need from the start.  If you know the need, you can create appropriate obstacles to test them.
  • This is also a fantastic point to introduce symbolism into the story by giving objects and events the power to tell a narrative on their own.
  • Don’t forget to allow for things to go wrong, and force the protagonist to act. The audience wants to see our hero(es) under pressure after all. For both the protagonist and antagonist, hero and villain, we have to see what it will take for them to chase after their need.

Obstacles and Rising Action

For the character, this is where the struggle truly begins.
For the writer, this is where the fun truly starts!

Away from home, deep in the wilderness of the world, our protagonist is living with the first consequences of the incident and their decision to leave. If we were to subdivide this quarter of the story, it would be filled with pinches; moments that test the hero. The First Pinch Point should reinforce the stakes; death, dishonor, injury, disgrace, failure, etc.

Yet, perhaps your character is not the one that sets the stakes to the reader. Coming into Act II is the perfect moment for the antagonist to shine. Whether it be a person of vile machinations or a force to be reckoned with, showing your villain having their fun informs your readers what danger lies ahead.

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Luke, Obiwan, and the droids reach Mos Eisley, and meet up with Han Solo. However, the Imperials uncover their presence, and a heated escape from Tattoine takes place, the Millennium Falcon forced to jump to light speed.

After encountering Mary and Pippin, Frodo senses something dark while staring down the path ahead, and in fear, tells everyone to get off the road. The hobbits are forced to hide as the Ring Wraiths appear. They will continuously pursue the Hobbits through this section.

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Amidst preparation of the Hunger Games, Katniss impresses the Gamemakers with her tenacity and marksmanship. She continues to deal with the pressures of the city, her contenders, Peeta, and finally the games themselves.

Furiosa reaches the mountain pass to negotiate with a biker gang concerning blowing up the pass. When they discover she isnt alone and are being pursued, she flees, and a battle breaks out between the War Rig, the biker gang, and the recently arrived Immortan Joe.

SIDEBAR: The "B Story"

Meanwhile, while obstacles, twists, and escalating stakes take place in Act II, there are key concepts happening parallel to all of it. It is at this point to think about the variants of three act structure as asymmetrical; they don’t line up perfectly to each-other. However, you can begin to see what makes them similar, and how they portray the beats of the story from another lens.

For example: some versions (such as in the Save The Cat model) emphasize a B Story. This can allow viewers to see the main story through the lens of other characters and events, sometimes in the same room, and at other times, in other times or places in the setting. Granted, this is not the same as a side-story, as the B Story is as important to the overall plot as any of the other beats.

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Multiple scenes of Leia’s captivity, Vader displaying his power, and the Imperials plans are witnessed along Acts I and II. We also witness Luke questioning Obiwan about what happened to his father.

Gandalf visits Saruman, uncovers his treachery, and after a tense battle, becomes imprisoned in his tower. Later on in the narrative, we will see Bilbo pleading with Frodo to see the ring one more time, and Aragorns legacy and relationship to Arwen is explained. 

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During a public appearance, we witness the broadcasting of a budding “love story” between Katniss and Peeta, which complicates their compulsory partnership. With Katniss focused on survival, she is confused and skeptical of Peetas motives.

We are introduced to Nux, a naive and ultimately disgraced War Boy. Despite attempts to impress Immortan Joe, he fails in embarrassment, and hides out on the War Ring. One of the saved girls known as Capable discovers him, and they begin to form a relationship.

SIDEBAR: Fun and Games + Tests, Allies, and Enemies + The Approach

Also parallel to the events in Act II, we see key moments where the characters are tested, either by their environment or their relationships.

In the Save the Cat method, this beat is referred to as Fun and Games. … This multi-scene beat is one where we see the protagonist and others sinking into their new environment, and the challenges of them adjusting. However, don’t get confused by the title of this section; this should still contain a barrage of conflict which will have your character either loving, or hating their decision to move away from stasis.

In similar fashion, the Heroes Journey explores Tests, Allies, and Enemies. Learning about their new world, the protagonist marches forward, making friends and allies along the way. However, The Approach introduces a series of setbacks that force them to change their approach and try new things. 

These parallel beats are filled with moments that give us an opportunity to explore the world the characters now exist in. These can allow viewers to see the skills of their heroes in action, and better relate to their struggles. For the protagonist, this is an opportunity to gain baring on who their allies and enemies are, and what obstacles they will encounter.

Created by Linkerfrom the Noun Project

Luke practices with the light saber, as Obiwan dons him with a helmet and challenges him to trust his feelings. Later, when the Millennium Falcon is captured by the Death Star, they are forced to infiltrate its interior. While bonds form between allies, they also debate the risks of rescuing Princess Leia.

The hobbits drink at the Prancing Pony, the first witness of life outside of the Shire. Aragorn pulls them aside, and the escape from the Ring Wraiths continue. The party endures wilderness, an ambush by the wraiths, a flight to Rivendell, and no second breakfast!

Created by icon 54from the Noun Project

Our tributes interact with this world at the capitol. Multiple interviews, showings, and trainings for the Hunger Games take place. Later, we see the beginning of the Hunger Games and Katniss’s initial attempts to survive while discovering her treacherous dynamic with the other competitors, and with Peeta himself.

Throughout the act, our characters are battling the wasteland through breakdowns of the war rig and groups of raiders. Their past reluctance turns into a tight relationship, binding the characters to the same mission of escaping the War Boys, and reaching the Green Place.

Mid-point and the Twist

It may not be the climax, but it is the peak of the narrative!

Also referred to as the “First Culmination“, our characters are well past the point of no return, standing upon the mountain top, looking back at their journey and realizing how far they’ve come from where they’ve started. Eyes scan the horizon as they hone in on the target of their endless struggle. The real march for the finale has begun!

This midpoint, as depicted in the Save the Cat method, is ultimately a betrayal of expectations for the characters and the reader, where the protagonist either is handed a false victory, or false defeat.

  • False Victory – if their obstacles have been overcome, the hero is handed a victory, but a fleeting one as the theme of the story and the greater threat is still unrealized.
  • False Defeat – if their obstacles have overtaken them, they reach a low point where either the effort feels hopeless, or any victory feels hollow.
Created by Linkerfrom the Noun Project

Obiwan is overcome with an immense feeling of grief. Soon, the Millenium Falcon exits hyperspace to discover that Alderaan is completely destroyed. General Tarkin is briefed that the information Leia provided him was a lie, and demands she be terminated immediately.

Surviving and reaching Rivendell is a victory for the Hobbits and Gandalf. However, at council of Rivendell, as allies gather, infighting threatens the mission. Realizing the power the ring has over people, Frodo steps up and states he will take the Ring to Mordor to be destroyed.

Created by icon 54from the Noun Project

In the thick of the games, after dehydration, Tracker Jacker wounds, and the wall of fire, Katniss experiences hallucinations. In a pivotal moment when Peeta finds her, rather than expecting a killing blow, he tells her to run.

With Immortan Joe having caught up to the War Rig, Nux manages an attempt to mount the rig before failing and being considered “mediocre” by Joe. Almost escaping the battle, one of the wives, Splendid, falls from the War Rig and perishes to the horror of everyone, both those on the rig, and Joe himself.

The Stakes Get Higher

Past our twisting midpoint, the challenges our protagonist faces are far more difficult to handle. Where the first half of our act creates an illusion of simple success or defeat, the second half becomes overwhelming to the hero. There is no choice but to adapt and endure, but always at a cost.

Whether they understand it or not, they have been Approaching the Innermost Cave, the place where they will need to face their antagonist directly, whether it is a person, their environment, or a force. In all of our examples below, you will notice a theme of dark clouds beginning to hover, as the characters enter a state or place that is almost unanimously hostile.

Another plot point from the Heroes Journey is what is referred to as the Ordeal, which is the first true conflict that the heroes must face. This is the real challenge that the rest of the story has been building towards, treating everything before as training wheels to this place and time. The world has shown its true face, and its now time to fight the real struggle.

However, it is also possible, and sometimes simultaneous, that the Bad Guys Close In during this part of the story, making the situation that much more desperate. Granted, the Heroes Journey and the Save the Cat method function on their own pacing. That innermost cave may put the midpoint further into the story, the Ordeal may already be underway, or the bad guys might have already begun closing in. In either case, one thing is simultaneous; the obstacles are harder, the situation is more complicated, and even the place they are standing in wants them to fail.

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Tractor beam! The ship is dragged in by the Death Star, but our heroes manage to avert capture by taking on disguise. They split up, Obiwan disabling the tractor beam, and the rest embarking to save Princess Leia.

While there are multiple bonding moments for the Fellowship, their journey is difficult and treacherous. Realizing they cannot travel through the mountains due to a terrible storm, they are forced into the Mines of Moria, and deep into the depths of the world. 

Created by icon 54from the Noun Project

After the Tracker Jacker poison and hallucinations subside, Katniss discovers and forms a friendship and alliance with Rue. They set out to sabotage the Career Tributes food supply near their camp. The trap succeeds, but Katniss is forced to flee.

The skies become darker as the heroes struggle through the marshes, the land of the Crow Fishers. Doing everything to keep the War Rig running, they are assailed by a group from Bullet Town who has caught up to them, and must defend themselves despite their desperation.

Lurkingsolo

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Crisis and Disaster

Whether the Second Pinch happens earlier, or is the catalyst of a greater fall, there is no denying that the characters are, by now, face to face with their true antagonist. Thus they are tested in a way unprecedented to the story so far. However, there is no escaping this pinch intact. There are no more false victories or defeats. The protagonist must fall.

By the end of this escape, this fight, this test of wills,… regardless of their efforts, All Is Lost for the heroes and their mission, and the loss becomes traumatic.

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During their escape, Luke catches a light saber battle between Obiwan and Darth Vader. At a pivotal moment, we see Obiwan smile towards the escaping crew, and give up his life to Darth Vader, his body disappearing. Struck by his death, Luke yells out.

At the height of the chase from the Balrog, Gandalf makes his stand to keep the demon from passing. During the confrontation, Gandalf falls into the depths. A terrible moment that shakes Frodo, and the rest of the fellowship.

Created by icon 54from the Noun Project

However, the tribute Marvel discovers Rue. Before Katniss has a chance to shoot him, Rue is impaled by their spear. In an attempt to comfort Rue as she lay dying, Katniss’s compassion pours forth as she adorns her with flowers and sings to her, an act that shakes the spectators of the Games.

Arriving on the other side of the bog, and encountering the Vuvalini (Many Mothers), it occurs to Furiosa that the noxious bog they crossed was the “green place”, ravaged by drought and famine. Her hope to return to her long-lost home vanishes as she lets out a scream of despair.

Sidebar: The Dark Night of the Soul

Not long after the crisis and disaster, we can introduce another Save the Cat convention known as the Dark Night of the Soul, the point following the disaster which the characters are at their lowest point emotionally and spiritually. 

When defeat is certain, the desperation gives way to failure. They have no choice but to toil in the consequences of their decisions, the antagonists power, and what they feel they cannot stop. It seems as if hope is gone.

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Our heroes are in remorse over the death of Obiwan. This moment is short lived, as the heroes are forced to fend off tie-fighters. However, we see that the Millennium Falcon has had a tracker placed on it, and the Imperials are now headed towards the true rebel base.

Wounded in spirit, the party is escorted (coerced) by the green elves, and are brought before Galadriel who cautions of a certain defeat while they endure her psychic peering. In despair and validation of the evil in his hands, Frodo tempts Galadriel with the ring to a terrifying revelation. No one is immune.

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The sight of Katniss’s compassion inspires Rues home district (11) to riot against the games. In a scene matching the bleakness of the situation, President Snow states his displeasure of the unrest, revealing in secret that the Games exist specifically to instill fear. 

Realizing hope is lost, and there is no place to run, Furiosa and Max debate over escaping across the salt flats, a place where there is nothing, but they have no choice. Furiosa departs into the expanse, and Max watches in silence.

Second Plot Point

 

Just as in the first plot point, we hit a moment where the path of the protagonist is tossed into yet another unexpected direction. 

However, we see a revival of spirit. Something happens which enables our heroes to emerge from their dark night in a newfound sense of their mission; an understanding of what their path truly is. Their dramatic need is either restated, revised, or replaced altogether with a new fervor that allows them to realize that the quest is not truly over. 

This often accompanies scenes that either renew us with inspiration to fight on, gives us a vision of how to defeat the antagonist, or places the characters in a position where they are now fully willing to gamble it all away on a last chance of true victory.

They have in fact survived the Ordeal. Now, they reap The Reward. … For remaining in the fight up to this point, they metaphorically seize the sword, whether it is a physical item, a piece of knowledge, wisdom, or something they put their faith in long ago which promises to yielding its result.

This plot point can coincide with the crisis, be triggered by the moment where all seems lost, or can be the event that sends the character out of Act Two. Ultimately, we’ve hit the end of the road for confrontations sake, and we can now Break into Three.

Many of the examples below would equally fit the beginning of Act Three, but this transition is noteworthy to mention to better understand the shift that happens between acts,… from one of conflict to one of resolution.

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Despite all that has been lost, the Millennium Falcon reaches the moon of Yavin 4. The Rebel Alliance receives the crew, and R2D2 turn the Death Star plans over to them. Through meeting of allies and old friends, our heroes are reminded that their journey is not yet finished.

With Galadriel having failed the test, she provides her pendant (Phial) to Frodo, and sends them off down the River Anduin towards Mordor. The Fellowship, having confronted some of their darkest moments in the journey, pass through the Gates of Argonath with greater resolve of their quest.

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Setting up the final confrontations of the Games, Snow is convinced to change the rules to allow two victors if they are from the same district. Meanwhile, Katniss finds a severely injured Peeta, and tries to drag him to safety. Perhaps they can both survive this ordeal?

Max is beset by the ghost of a child that he failed to save, realizing he has an obligation to Furiosa. As Furiosa and the Many Mothers begin their trek into the flats, Max catches up with them, and proposes a new way: a place that does have water and life; the Citadel. Can they double back beyond the war party and take the Citadel from them before they have a chance to respond?

Wrapping up Act Two

By this time, all of the pieces are in place for the final dive towards the resolution of your story. The journey has been treacherous, our heroes have been tested, the situation has endured twists and turns, and the resolve and spirit of our characters have been strained to a point of near total defeat. However, the actions of our characters in Act Two have planted the seeds for change, and while those changes have been active and turbulent through the middle of our journey, those seeds have now grown into a vast field of experiences and knowing.

By the beginning of Act III, we’ve reach the harvest season, where the trials of Act II cumulate into a showdown.

A battle begins; one against the ultimate antagonistic forces that have plagued the protagonists from the beginning,… and a battle against oneself in an effort for the heroes to confront their own inner ghosts.

Until next time!

Sources (and Special Thanks)!

Countless resources exist across the internet, and I’ve done a ton of reading for this series, especially Act Two. Here are the most notable sources, and their authors; this article would not be possible without their fantastic work, and I highly recommend you check them out for a greater deep-dive, and support their work!

Putting together this guide has been quite a journey in and of itself. Ironically, covering Act II took the longest to sort out, and I hope I’ve represented it well and provided a ton of great tips on how to keep the middle of the structure supported. If you found this guide useful, check out my Act I guide below: Also, here are some other great guides I’ve written to help you on your writing journey: IMAGE CREDITS: 
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